From Gatekeeper to mediator:

Traditionally, the library is a place where people go to obtain answers of their questions. This inherent tension between the unknown and the knowable drives users to libraries, seeking to bridge the gap between their lack of information and the vast amount available (^{Hafner & Camarigg, 1992}). Libraries were repositories of knowledge, focusing on collecting, organizing, and making books accessible to readers. Librarians, in this period may have acted as "gatekeepers" controlling access to information (^{Ewing & Hauptman, 1992}). However, if we analyze the role of the librarians, we will find that are, by nature, intermediaries. Because they form a connecting link between a query and resources that provide a resolution, between an idea and its realization (Ewing & Hauptman, 1992). In the past, the idea of librarians as mediators is not taught in library school, or widely discussed in professional literature. Mediation is not mentioned in job titles, and it is not mentioned in job descriptions as a key responsibility (Hafner & Camarigg, 1992). In this context, (Ewing & Hauptman, 1992) notes:

The successful information mediation has gone beyond gatekeeping, from providing an answer or a resource with an answer to attempts to understand the environment, the physical surroundings, the social or educational context, and the ethical, political, and economic climate in which the process takes place.

Through this idea, it becomes clear that the concept of information mediation goes far beyond the traditional role of the librarian; it signifies a broader and more diverse role, than delivering information to users. According to (^{Azevedo & Ogécime, 2019}) the goal of mediation is not simply to provide information. Instead, it emphasizes functions that encourage the development of user autonomy. This autonomy allows users to acquire a set of series transversal skills necessary to classify and evaluate information and its sources effectively.

The Evolving role of the librarian as mediator

In this expanding world of information, librarians have transformed from passive gatekeepers to active information mediators. Modern information professionals, acting as mediators between information providers, users, and information technologies, embrace a hybrid role requiring flexibility, adaptability, and specialized skills (^{Wormell, 2016}). Modern librarians are flexible and adaptable, able to modify their approach based on user needs and the ever-evolving information landscape. They have a strong foundation in organizing information, research strategies and methodologies, and digital literacy.

The evolving role of librarians requires the development of new skills. Especially in understanding user needs and behaviours. As the purpose of obtaining, organizing, and making information accessible is to serve users (^{Anderson, 2010}), it makes good sense that librarians prioritize this aspect of information mediation. According to (^{IFLA Information Literacy, 2006}): “The current information overload requires people to validate and assess information to verify its reliability”. This highlights why understanding user needs becomes even more crucial. As the volume and variety of information sources have exploded, the ability to evaluate and verify information reliability has become an essential skill for users. This points to a solution to information overload: information literacy. This concept was formulated in the United States in the 1970s, and it addresses users' needs, search strategies, and use of information sources, especially electronic ones (^{Azevedo & Ogécime, 2019}). Equipping users with information literacy skills empowers them to navigate the vast information landscape effectively. The concept of information literacy extends beyond simply acquiring library skills. It emphasizes the ability to utilize complex information from diverse sources. This goes beyond mastery of search strategies. The emphasis is on critical thinking and analysis, allowing users to synthesize information from different sources to construct meaning, solve problems, and make informed decisions (^IFLA Information Literacy, 2006). Information literacy empowers individuals to become active participants, not just passive consumers.

“In the digital age, have assumed a pivotal role in curating, organizing and enhancing digital resources to facilitate user access and enhance information discovery.” As (^{Thiruppathi, 2024}) points out, librarians have become central figures in managing this vast amount of digital information. They work as curators, selecting and organizing valuable digital resources. They may also enhance these resources by adding summaries, creating access points, or even creating new digital tools to navigate information effectively. The modern role of librarians must receive in-depth training in modern information retrieval strategies, especially those related to the internet, and various electronic databases. This expanded knowledge base allows them to effectively train users to navigate these vast online resources. By offering these comprehensive resources and training, libraries are bridging the digital divide, enabling users to have greater access to the information (^{Vahid Aqili & Isfandyari Moghaddam, 2008}). Finally, the role of librarians is not static. To maintain their effectiveness as information mediators, librarians require ongoing education and professional development to keep pace with the expanding word of information (^{Wormell, 2016}).

1. Demographics:

Table 1: Sample profile of participants 

Source: Created by author

This table summarizes demographics of the 30 participants involved in the study. Here some initial observations:

2. Understanding information mediation practices by librarians:

Table 2: Librarians’ understanding of the concept: “information mediation”  

Source: Created by author

The table above shows that the librarians who work in positions directly related to students (e.g., Bibliographic research services, Reference and information services…) believe that the concept of “information mediation” focuses on “Connecting students with the information they need” (32.08 %), and “Teaching information literacy skills” (28.30 %), while a smaller percentage (16.98 %) believe it solving students’ problems related to the library. Although the second section of the table is for librarians who work in positions that do not directly contact with students (e.g., cataloging librarians…) but their understanding of information mediation seems similar to their colleagues in the first group.

Table 3: Information mediation activities available in the library 

Source: Created by author

The table illustrates the various information mediation activities offered at Setif 2 University libraries. It shows that the majority of librarians’ answers with direct users’ contact (51.28 %) primarily focuses on information search assistance. Which is the main role of a librarian. (^{Leckie & Fullerton, 1999}) emphasize the importance of Librarians understanding their users' needs in order to serve them better. Conversely, the most (50%) librarians’ answers without direct users’ contact prioritize training on using library databases. These contrasting choices; suggest potential differences in librarians' understanding of "information mediation". However, the low percentages of librarians selecting "assisting students with information retrieval" (2.56% and 2.14%) indicate a possible misunderstanding of the concept.

Table 4: Methods used in providing information mediation activities 

Source: Created by author

The table highlights the various methods Setif 2 University libraries use to provide information mediation services. The data reveals that face-to-face interactions within the library (32.14 %) and online assistance through the library website (28.57 %) and social media (25 %) are prominent methods. It is important to note that all libraries typically offer online public access catalogs (OPACs) to facilitate bibliographic research. Moreover, librarians without direct users contact prioritize the library website (33.33%) as their primary tool, followed by face-to-face interaction and social media (25% each). Conversely, they report that E-learning platforms are not used for information mediation activities. This difference might be due to the libraries' strategic aim to expand their presence in both physical and digital spaces.

Table 5: The skills necessary for the role of an effective information mediator 

Source: Created by author

This table gathers librarians' perspectives on their understanding of the effective information mediator role and its necessary skills. Both librarians with direct and indirect users contact identified “high proficiency in documentary research techniques” (37.50%, 35.71%) and “strong communication skills with library users” (35.42%, 50%) as the most essential skills. whereas ethical information use and digital literacy are also recognized as crucial, the participants in this survey may have prioritized the basic skills. Notably, 4.17% of responses specified intrinsic motivation as a necessary skill for information mediator work.

3. Librarians' perspective in Optimizing Information Mediation practices.

Table 6: Librarian-identified indicators of successful information mediation practices 

Source: created by author

Librarians were surveyed in two categories (direct and indirect user contact) about their views on successful information mediation practices. The most common indicator for both groups (around 36%) was developing students' information research skills. While there was general agreement on the top indicator, librarians with direct user contact placed slightly more emphasis on optimizing library service utilization. "Student-reported satisfaction" received lower ratings from both groups (22.64%, 15.79%), and "reduction in complaints" was the least chosen indicator for librarians with direct contact (7.55 %), Perhaps because of their ability to solve problems directly. This suggests a focus on developing student skills, optimizing services, and a shared understanding of successful information mediation, with some variations based on user contact levels.

Table 7: Librarians-suggested methods for assessing information mediation practices 

Source: Created by author.

This table shows that librarians in both categories suggest a variety of methods to assess information mediation practices. They prioritize direct user feedback through observation and interviews (31.25%, 33.33%), along with student research outcomes. While analyzing library usage data is important, user satisfaction surveys were less frequently mentioned. There is minimal difference in preferred methods between librarian categories, suggesting a common understanding of assessment practices.

To provide an effective information mediation services, libraries need to invest in high-quality training programs for their librarians. The table 8 highlights the most need options for training proposed by librarians to improve information mediation practices in Algerian academic libraries; where we show that most librarians in both categories prefer "Research methodologies and information retrieval strategies" and "Ethics of information mediation practice." as the highest needs. While "Effective communication strategies" and "Artificial intelligence in scientific research" less selected, not because they are well trained on, but they probably prefer to make a solid acknowledged on the practices of information mediation.

Table 9: Librarians’ challenges for improving information mediation practices.  

Source: Created by author

Table 9 reveals several challenges faced by librarians at Setif 2 University Libraries in improving information mediation practices. The most common challenges for librarians with direct user contact include unclear information needs of students (22.73%), information and technology literacy gap (21.21%), and Limited activities of Information Mediation (22.73 %). Because new literacies of the Internet and other ICTs are not just new today, they will be newer tomorrow and even newer next week (^{Coiro et al., 2008}), and we need to keep learning to stay ahead (^{Andersdotter, 2023}). On the other hand, librarians without user contact reported similar challenges, but “Unclear information needs of users” was less frequent (12.50 %). This likely reflects the lack of direct interaction with users.

These findings suggest that the library could benefit from training programs for librarians on user needs analysis and communication skills (According to the data presented in the table 8). Additionally, the library should consider acquiring the necessary materials and technological infrastructure to provide information mediation services.

Information mediation practices and the role of librarians:

Librarians, with or without direct user contact, agree that connecting students to information and information literacy are essential aspects of information mediation. However, librarians with direct contact prioritize information search assistance, while those without direct contact prioritize database training for independent research. Although the concept of information mediation may include both research assistance and information literacy training. In this context (^{Roe & Moody, 1999}), Emphasize that the mediator should prioritize fostering the learner's critical thinking skills rather than simply providing answers.

However, the evolving information landscape have expanded librarian's role as mediators beyond traditional services. Alongside digital library and the open access initiatives, training users to effectively utilize new information tools has become crucial. the significant transformations in information sources have reshaped librarians into a multifaceted roles focused on accessing information from diverse sources. (^{Solimine, 2014})

Therefore, librarians at Setif 2 University must proactively adapt to the evolving library landscape by implementing innovative and contemporary information mediation practices.

Information mediation methods and skills:

Librarians at Setif 2 University use a combination of Face-to-face interaction, library websites, and social media to mediate information. According to (^{Sandoz, 2010}) There are two main ways to mediate information:

Both forms of mediation aim to help users find and understand information. (^{Sandoz, 2010}) argues that Indirect mediation can only be secondary; Without reception and guidance of librarians, only certain users would be able to benefit from the indirect mediation offered by the library.

To effectively engage in information mediation, Librarians should possess a skill set that combines traditional library science with digital literacy (^{Lo, 2024}b), including an understanding of artificial intelligence and its applications (^{Michalak, 2023}).

Furthermore, librarians at Setif 2 university prioritize strong research and communication skills as essential components of effective information mediation. They also emphasize the importance of promoting ethical information use and digital literacy.

Improving information mediation practices:

Mediation is an indispensable component of the library's mission, all staff should be involved, and librarians must have a good general culture. This will allow him to have a minimum knowledge of the themes covered in the context of his mediation work (^{Sandoz, 2010}). In this study we found that both librarian groups at Setif 2 university prioritize improving students' information research skills as key to successful information mediation. But in reality, librarians need to do more work to translate their existing skills in finding, managing and preserving information and ensuring that students effectively apply these skills (^{Cox & Mazumdar, 2024}).

On the other hand, librarians at Setif 2 University propose multiple methods for assessing the effectiveness of information mediation practices, centering on direct user feedback, student research results, and library usage data. Librarians’ understanding of data and statistics puts them in a good position to play future roles (^{Cox & Mazumdar, 2024}).

Training needs and challenges:

Training can lead all staff to get involved in mediation. But we must allowing them access to training and giving them time to acquire a good knowledge (^{Sandoz, 2010}). The librarians surveyed expressed that training in research methodologies, information retrieval strategies, and information mediation ethics are the most important training needs for librarians at Setif 2 University. Grabowsky and Weisbrod corroborate this finding, emphasizing the significant positive effect of training on the development of research skills and academic performance in undergraduates, graduates, and working professionals ^{(Grabowsky & Weisbrod, 2020}).

It is reasonable to anticipate that the skills identified by librarians at Setif 2 University would significantly enhance students in finding, evaluating, and utilizing information ethically. Conversely, future training programs must aim beyond just knowledge acquisition they must equip library professionals with the capabilities to apply AI technologies in their roles effectively (^{Lo, 2024}a). Although training in the field of artificial intelligence might receive less focus currently, perhaps due to existing skills or focus on basic practices. However, AI offers a wide range of potential uses in libraries including to routine information requests or even complex reference inquiries. Digital assistants can also be assigned to answer user queries, explain collections or provide guided tours. Additionally, AI can be employed to gather routine information from users. (^{Cox & Mazumdar, 2024}).

In this study, librarians who interact directly with users reported encountering several challenges including unclear user needs of information, gaps in information literacy, and limited resources. While these challenges are similar for librarians who do not have direct contact, but they have less difficulty in understanding users' needs because they are not dealing directly with students.