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Odontoestomatología
versión impresa ISSN 0797-0374versión On-line ISSN 1688-9339
Odontoestomatología vol.21 no.33 Montevideo jun. 2019 Epub 01-Jun-2019
https://doi.org/10.22592/ode2019n33a8
Update
Risk factors associated with tooth sensitivity in fixed dental prosthesis treatment: a literature review
1Universidad de Los Andes, Chile.
2 Universidad de Los Andes, Chile.
3 Universidad de Los Andes, Chile.
4 Universidad de Los Andes, Chile.
5 Facultad de Odontología, Universidad de Chile, Chile. edofdez@yahoo.com
6 Universidad de Los Andes, Chile.
Vital teeth treated with fixed dental prosthesis undergo a pulpal inflammatory process during their preparation. This inflammatory response can be transient or perpetuate itself and become pulpal damage. As a result, postoperative sensitivity may appear in some patients during treatment and this could be related to certain risk factors. The objective of this work is to describe the risk factors related to postoperative thermal, chemical or mechanical sensitivity in treatments with fixed dental prosthesis.
Method:
Different databases were used to search for studies that included the following keywords: dental sensitivity, dental hypersensitivity, pulp response, crown, fixed prosthesis, postoperative, postcementation, tooth preparation. All the studies found were analyzed according to the level of evidence, the quality of the report and the ethical implications.
Results:
A total of 43 articles were selected. There were 10 clinical studies, 7 literature reviews and 26 in vitro studies. The level of evidence, the quality of the report and the ethical considerations were rated as acceptable.
Conclusions:
The existing evidence describes some risk factors related to the postoperative sensitivity in three stages of the process of making a fixed dental prosthesis. However, it is not conclusive regarding its mechanism of origin or prevention, which is why we suggest conducting further randomized clinical studies.
Keywords: dental sensitivity; dental hypersensitivity; pulp response; crown; fixed prosthesis; postoperative; post cementation; tooth prepartion
Las piezas dentarias vitales que reciben tratamiento en base a prótesis dental fija (PDF) sufren un proceso inflamatorio pulpar durante su preparación, esta respuesta inflamatoria puede ser transitoria o perpetuarse y convertirse en un daño pulpar. Como consecuencia se puede presentar sensibilidad post operatoria en algunos pacientes durante el tratamiento y esta podría estar relacionada con ciertos factores de riesgo. El objetivo del presente trabajo es describir los factores de riesgo relacionados con la sensibilidad postoperatoria termica, quimica o mecanica en el tratamiento mediante prótesis dental fija.
Método:
Se utilizaron diferentes bases de datos para buscar estudios que incluyeran las siguientes palabras clave: sensibilidad dental, hipersensibilidad dental, respuesta pulpar, corona, prótesis fija, postoperatorio, post cementación, preparación dentaria. Todos los estudios encontrados se analizaron según el nivel de evidencia, la calidad del informe y las implicaciones éticas.
Resultados:
Se seleccionaron un total de 43 artículos. De ellos, 10 correspondieron a estudios clínicos, 7 revisiones de literatura y 26 estudios in vitro. El nivel de evidencia, la calidad del informe y las consideraciones éticas fueron calificados como regulares.
Conclusiones:
La evidencia existente describe algunos factores de riesgo relacionados con la sensibilidad postoperatoria en tres etapas del proceso de confección de una prótesis dental fija, pero sin embargo no es concluyente respecto a su mecanismo de origen ni prevención por lo que se sugiere realizar estudios clínicos aleatorizados.
Palabras clave: sensibilidad dental; hipersensibilidad dental; respuesta pulpar; corona; prótesis fija; post operatorio; post cementación; preparación dentaria.
Introduction
During preparation to receive fixed dental prostheses, vital teeth undergo a pulpal inflammatory process modulated by the actions taken by clinicians to prevent it.
This inflammatory response can be transient or perpetuate itself and become pulpal damage. Dental pulp registers any painful stimuli, regardless of its nature1,2. Maxillary and mandibular nerves are responsible for this nociception2. Although the way pain is transmitted through the dentin is unknown, the hydrodynamic theory, described by Brännström in the eighties, is the most accepted one2. Tooth preparation for fixed dental prostheses is associated with stimuli that pose a risk of pulpal inflammation and tooth sensitivity caused by the necessary grinding. In general, these are short-term irritants, which trigger an acute inflammatory response1. This dentinal sensitivity is mainly associated with reversible pulpitis.
Pulpal damage is cumulative, therefore, every time it is under a dangerous stimulus, its repair capacity diminishes. It has also been found that in 2% to 25% of fixed prosthetic treatments there could be pulpal necrosis5-6. The information available in the literature varies, since an inflammatory state and postoperative sensitivity can be induced by multiple factors. The purpose of this literature review is to guide clinicians on the different factors associated with tooth sensitivity after treatment with a fixed dental prosthesis.
Method
Multiple databases were used in the search: Pubmed, Cochrane, BEIC, EBSCO and Google Scholar. The words used were: dental sensitivity, dental hypersensitivity, pulp response, crown, fixed prosthesis, postoperative, postcementation, tooth preparation, as well as Boolean terms AND, NOT and OR. Full-text articles of systematic reviews, narrative reviews, clinical studies and in vitro studies were included in the search without language restriction. Animal studies and articles without full-text article were excluded. The information obtained was organized in a Microsoft Excel table, specifying the year, study classification, the n number, the intervention, the results and the significance. Additionally, we conducted a critical analysis of each of the articles included and assigned a level of evidence and grade of recommendation according to the Oxford Center for Evidence-based Medicine. Each study was evaluated using the CONSORT checklist7) for clinical trials and the CRIS checklist for in vitro studies8. A score of 1 point was given for each item, with the maximum score possible being 25 points in the CONSORT checklist and 6 points in the CRIS checklist. Afterwards, each article was classified according to Tables 1 and 2.
Table 1: Score classification according to the comparison table (CONSORT)
Excellent | 25 points |
Good | 18 - 24.5 points |
Fair | 9 -17.5 points |
Poor | Less than 8.5 points |
Table 2: Score classification according to the comparison table (CRIS)
Excellent | 6 points |
Good | 4 - 5 points |
Fair | 2 - 3 points |
Poor | 0 - 1 points |
Finally, we conducted an ethical evaluation based on whether an informed consent exists and was authorized by an ethics committee.
Results
We analyzed 43 articles which matched the inclusion criteria (7 reviews, 9 prospective clinical studies, 1 retrospective clinical study and 26 in vitro studies). All the articles selected were published between 1965 and 2015; 42 were written in English and 1 in Spanish; 9 were for prospective clinical trials, 1 for a retrospective clinical trial, 7 literature reviews and 26 for in vitro studies. According to the level of evidence and the grade of recommendation of the clinical trials, 90% (9) had a 2b level of evidence according to the Oxford Centre for Evidence-based Medicine, with a B grade of recommendation. Only 10% (1) were in the 1b level and had an A grade of recommendation. An analysis of the quality of the clinical trials (using the CONSORT checklist) showed that 40% (4) of them were “good”, 40% (4) were “fair” and 20% (2) were “poor”. As for the quality of reporting in in vitro studies (CRIS checklist)8, in 92% (24) it was “fair” and in 8% (2) it was “poor”. None of the articles for clinical trials and in vitro studies analyzed were classified as “excellent”. Regarding the ethical considerations of the clinical trials, only 15% (4) mentioned having received the approval of the Ethics Committee and 50% (13) mentioned the use of an informed consent.
Discussion
There is little evidence about the factors associated with postoperative sensitivity in the treatment with fixed dental prostheses. Most of the studies focus on pulp-dentin reactions and the inflammation which can be generated after the treatment, rather than on postoperative sensitivity. In addition, it seems reasonable to think that fixed prosthetic procedures induce more severe pulp reactions than other dental procedures given the increased number of exposed dentinal tubules9. Rosenstiel & Rashid applied a questionnaire to dentists about the prevalence, causes, and prevention of postcementation sensitivity. Most dentists believe that the prevalence of postcementation sensitivity is less than real prevalence, which is estimated at 10%. Irrigation with water spray was considered “very important” by 64.5% of respondents. Overheating and dentin desiccation were considered as the “most important” factor of all the factors considered by 18.6% of the dentists10.
To organize the information, we analyze the postoperative sensitivity during the three stages of preparation for a fixed dental prosthesis.
1. Postoperative sensitivity associated with the biomechanical preparation
The consensus is that excess heat causes pulpal irritation, due to the motor’s excessive speed, the shape and diameter of the bur, the amount and temperature of the coolant. Experts agree that using plenty of water is a simple and effective way of protecting the pulp11. Different water flows and temperatures have proven to be effective: 50 mL/min a 30ºC - 32ºC, (12) 50 mL/min at 29.8ºC - 33.7ºC13, 40 mL/min at room temperature14, 40 mL/min at 24ºC - 2ºC11, 25 mL/min at room temperature15. Öztürk focused on the importance of reducing the high-speed air pressure and load for reducing heat generation11. There is disagreement over the thickness of the burs and their relation to heat generation. Ercoli et al.14 and Galindo et al.15 found no clinically important differences between burs; whereas Ottl and Lauer found that ultracoarse burs were associated with a greater increase in temperature, compared to finer burs12. From a histological perspective, the observation of odontoblast nuclei and erythrocytes inside dentinal tubules after dental preparation, which could be associated with the sensation of pain, can be explained by the hydrodynamic theory of dentinal pain proposed by Brännström9. It is widely known that if the remaining dentin is thick, the intrapulpal temperature rise will be lower11-12; there is no consensus on the minimum dentinal thickness necessary for protecting pulp tissue16, but the minimum thickness necessary for pulp protection is 0.5 mm17. Although dentinal thickness plays an important role in protecting the pulp, it loses clinical relevance because there is no reliable way of measuring it in vivo. This shows the relevance of preserving the dental structure in a fixed prosthesis preparation: a dentin layer measuring 1.5 mm or more can protect pulp tissue18.
As mentioned above, dentinal tubules need to be exposed to cause tooth sensitivity18-19. It has been found that the deeper the preparation and the larger the surface area exposed, the higher the permeability of the dentin18,20. Multiple techniques for preventing the occurrence of postoperative sensitivity have been described. One of these techniques is the so-called “immediate dentin sealing” (IDS)21, consisting in the immediate application and photo-polymerization of the adhesive system on the dentin, before the impression technique. This obliterates the openings of the dentinal tubules, thus stopping the bacterial invasion and the flow of dentin, which causes pain. According to the literature, this technique prevents postoperative sensitivity, increases adhesion strength and also reduces gaps and bacterial invasion.
In the in vitro quality evaluation of the studies, most were classified as “fair” according to the CRIS checklist, except for the articles by Davis et al.22) and Lauer et al.13, which were considered “poor”. In addition, both of the clinical trials included in this section Langeland and Langeland9, and Vitalariu and Caruntu23 had a 2b level of evidence, but the quality of reporting was classified as “poor” according to the CONSORT checklist.
2. Postoperative sensitivity associated with the provisionalization stage
The most relevant factor mentioned in the literature regarding postoperative sensitivity in connection with provisionalization is the increase in temperature transferred into the pulp chamber. Several studies have shown that temperature increases are associated with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyethylmethacrylate (PEMA), polyvinyl methacrylate (PVMA) and, finally, the Bis-acryl resin24-25. The thermal change produced by the latter has proven to be lower, and the self-curing set is associated with lower increases in temperature than the dual-curing group26.
As mentioned before, the temperature rise inside the pulp chamber is not only connected to the material used, but also to the matrix chosen to hold such material25,27,32-34.
The studies conducted by Molding and Teplitsky, and Michalakis et al. found that the smaller increase in temperature was directly related to the adjustment of the preformed crown27,30. Other studies indicate that the temperature is directly connected to the volume of material27,35-36.
Based on different studies, we recommend selecting the provisionalization material and its matrix taking into account the exothermic reaction. Thus, the alginate matrix with bis-acryl resin should be the first choice, and PMMA with a silicone or thermoplastic matrix should be the last25,27,32-33.
Moulding y Loney recommend different cooling techniques during provisionalization, without any significant difference between them: removing the restoration during polymerization (removal), using a spray of water/air while restorations remain in place (in situ) or removing the provisional restoration and cooling the preparation using an air/water spray, and putting the provisional back (on/off). It is important to be careful not to deform the provisional during the on/off and removal techniques27.
3. Postoperative sensitivity associated with cementation
Among the elements analyzed, postoperative sensitivity associated with cementation is the one with the best studies in terms of quality, with most of them being clinical trials with a 2b level of evidence. Of those, 50% (3) were classified as “good” and 50% (3) as “fair” according to the CONSORT checklist. Only the studies conducted by Shetty et al.37-38 and Hassan et al.38 meet the Ethics Committee approval and informed consent requirements. All in vitro studies, which lack external validity, are classified as “fair” according to the CRIS checklist (5). Johnson et al.5 found that zinc phosphate causes more postoperative sensitivity to cold stimuli than conventional glass ionomers, but no difference was found after three months. Bebermayer & Berg39 also analyzed postoperative sensitivity in relation to zinc phosphate and glass ionomers, and found no difference between them. This may be because the evaluation method used is a survey, instead of the clinical evaluations by Kern et al40. No differences were found between glass ionomers and zinc phosphate. This may be due to the fact that Kern et al. applied calcium hydroxide before cementation. Saad et al.41 compared postcementation sensitivity with etch-and-rinse cements versus self-etching cements. After 12 weeks, they found that self-etching cements were associated with lower sensitivity. Patients treated with self-adhesive cements reported no sensitivity after 2 to 6 weeks, however, patients who underwent procedures with etch-and-rinse cements reported sensitivity even after 12 weeks. Blatz et al.42 compared postcementation sensitivity with the self-adhesive resin cement and the resin-modified glass ionomer cement. They concluded that the self-adhesive cement is associated with a lower sensitivity compared to glass ionomers.
As for the mechanism that may cause postcementation sensitivity, acid etching has been noted as one of the main factors due to the removal of the smear layer, which allows for bacteria to flow inside dentinal tubules. The discrepancies between demineralized dentin and resin infiltration can also be a triggering mechanism, since they leave collagen exposed, which is associated with postoperative sensitivity. This is why self-etching cements are recommended, thus avoiding the removal of the smear layer42. pH values have also been linked to postcementation sensitivity. Glass ionomers and zinc phosphate have lower pH values than glass ionomers and resin cements38-39,43. According to Lam y Wilson, who reported a greater transmission of pressure into the pulp chamber after the smear layer was removed, removing the smear layer can have a significant effect43. Immediate dentin sealing (IDS) is described as a barrier created by using adhesives after the smear layer is removed21.
Conclusion
There is little evidence about the risk factors associated with postoperative sensitivity in the treatment based on fixed dental prostheses. Because of the lack of external validity, it is difficult to correlate in vitro studies with the clinical practice. Based on this review we can conclude that there seems to be a relation between any stimulus which can produce a movement of fluid inside the pulp and the occurrence of postoperative sensitivity. Nevertheless, the literature is not conclusive regarding its mechanism of origin or prevention, which is why we suggest conducting further randomized clinical studies
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Received: July 16, 2018; Accepted: April 12, 2019